Pediatric Turner Syndrome

Prevention and Risk Assessment

• What is Turner syndrome in children?

  Turner syndrome (TS or monosomy X) is a genetic disorder that occurs in girls. It causes many traits and problems. Girls with TS are shorter than most girls. They don’t go through normal puberty as they grow into adulthood. They may also have other health problems such as heart or kidney problems. The seriousness of these problems varies from girl to girl. Many of the health problems affecting girls with Turner syndrome can be managed or fixed with treatment. Turner syndrome is rare. It occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 2,500 girl babies.

• What causes Turner syndrome in children?

  When a baby is conceived, a normal egg cell and normal sperm cell start with 46 chromosomes. The egg and sperm cells then divide in half. The egg and sperm cells then have 23 chromosomes each. When a sperm with 23 chromosomes fertilizes an egg with 23 chromosomes, the baby will then have a complete set of 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. Half are from the father and half are from the mother. The 23rd pair is called the sex chromosomes. In females, the 23rd pair is two X chromosomes. In males, the 23rd pair is one X and one Y chromosome.

  There are two types of Turner syndrome: monosomy X TS and mosaic TS. About half of all girls with Turner syndrome have a monosomy disorder. Monosomy means that a person is missing one chromosome in the pair. Instead of 46 chromosomes, the person has only 45 chromosomes. This means a girl with TS has only one X chromosome in her 23rd pair. Sometimes an error occurs when an egg or sperm cell is forming. This causes it to have a missing sex chromosome. But it is often an error that happened by chance when the father's sperm cell was forming. The missing sex chromosome error can occur in either the mother's egg cell or the father's sperm cell.

  Girls with mosaic TS have chromosome changes in only some cells, but not all cells. A small number of cases have the normal number of 46 chromosomes, but with part of the X chromosome missing. When only part of an X chromosome is missing (deletion), a girl with the syndrome will often have milder signs of TS. The features of TS depend on which part of the X chromosome is missing.

• How can I help prevent Turner syndrome in my child?

  Researchers don’t know how to prevent the chromosome error that causes this disorder. In general, a woman who has a child with Turner syndrome is not at increased risk of having another baby with the condition. TS is often not inherited in families. It happens randomly.

Diagnosis

• What are the symptoms of Turner syndrome in children?

  During a pregnancy, your health care provider may have seen a structure called a cystic hygroma during a fetal ultrasound. A cystic hygroma is a fluid-filled sac at the base of the neck. It often goes away before birth. But sometimes the sac is there when the baby is born.

  Girls with TS often have:

  • Puffy hands and feet at birth
  • Wide neck with folds of skin down the sides of neck (webbed neck)
  • Short height
  • A low hairline at the back of the neck
  • Feeding problems as a baby
  • Small differences in the shape and position of the ears
  • Broad chest with widely spaced nipples
  • More small brown moles (nevi) on the skin than normal
  • Deep-set nails 
  • Small jaw
  • Narrow top of the inside of the mouth
  • Skeletal problems
  • Eye problems requiring glasses
• How is Turner syndrome diagnosed in a child?

  Chromosome problems such as TS can often be diagnosed before birth. This is done by looking at cells in the amniotic fluid or from the placenta. This can also be done by looking at the amount of the baby’s DNA in the mother's blood. This is called noninvasive prenatal screening. These tests are very accurate.

  Fetal ultrasound during pregnancy can also show the possibility of Turner syndrome. But ultrasound is not 100% accurate. Problems due to the disorder may not be seen with ultrasound.

  If your health care provider thinks that your newborn baby girl may have TS, he or she will often take a small sample of your baby’s blood. The lab will look at the sample to see if one X sex chromosome is missing.

  Your health care provider may refer you to a genetic counselor. This expert can explain the results of chromosome tests, as well as tests available to diagnose chromosome problems before a baby is born.

  Sometimes a girl with TS doesn’t have any problems as a baby or child. It’s only when she doesn’t go through puberty or is shorter than her peers that her health care provider may suspect TS.

Treatment

• How is Turner syndrome treated in children?

  There is no cure for TS. But many of the more serious problems can be treated. For example, growth hormone and androgen therapy can increase the final adult height of a girl. She can also take hormone therapy to develop secondary sex traits such as breasts, pubic hair and underarm hair. Surgery can fix coarctation of the aorta, if needed. And medicines are available to treat high blood pressure, diabetes and thyroid problems. A woman with TS can have children by using donor eggs. 

• What are the possible complications of Turner syndrome in children?

  Being shorter than normal is the most common feature of TS as a girl grows. The average adult height of a woman with TS is 4 feet, 8 inches. A girl may also have cubitus valgus. This means that when she stands with her arms at her side, her elbows will be slightly bent. She can’t keep her arms perfectly straight at her side. Most girls with TS will need treatment with growth hormone over time.

  Most women with TS are born with poorly formed or missing ovaries. Ovaries make estrogen. Without it, a girl with TS will not develop sexually. The normal signs of puberty don’t happen unless the girl is given hormone therapy. This includes breast development, menstrual periods and growth of pubic hair and hair elsewhere on the body. Most girls with the syndrome won’t be able to have children (are infertile) as adults. Most girls will need to be treated with estrogen at some point for a normal progression of puberty and sexual development.

  Other common problems with TS affect the heart, kidney and thyroid. About one in ten girls with TS is born with coarctation of the aorta. This means the main artery that leaves the heart is narrowed. This problem sometimes needs to be fixed with surgery.

  Girls with TS generally have normal intelligence. They tend to score higher on their verbal IQ than their nonverbal IQ. But they may have problems with spatial perception. They may also have certain learning disabilities.

  Other possible problems include:

  • Middle ear infections
  • Diabetes
  • Dry skin
  • High blood pressure
  • Low bone density and increased risk of fractures
  • Curving of the spine (scoliosis and kyphosis)
  • Hearing loss
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Celiac disease
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Coronary heart disease as an adult
• How can I help my child live with Turner Syndrome?

  If your baby girl is born with TS, there are things you can do to take care of yourself and your baby.

  • Keep all appointments with your baby’s health care provider.
  • Talk with your health care provider about other providers who will be part of your child’s care. Your child may receive care from a multidisciplinary team that may include experts such as counselors, social workers, genetic counselors, physical therapists, and speech therapists.
  • Call your health care provider if you are concerned about your baby’s symptoms.
  • Think about having genetic testing and counseling to understand your risk.
  • Tell others about your baby’s condition. Work with your child’s health care provider to create a treatment plan.
  • Reach out for support from local community services. Being in touch with other parents who have a daughter with TS can also be helpful.
  • If your child has any of the complications listed above, she will need screening and monitoring at periodic intervals. Make sure you understand the monitoring schedule that applies to your child.
• When should I call my child’s health care provider?

  Call the health care provider if your child has:

  • Symptoms that don’t get better, or get worse
  • New symptoms